Battle of Chaldiran

Sultan Selim I's Ottoman army, equipped with muskets and artillery, defeated Shah Ismail I's Safavid Persian cavalry at Chaldiran in eastern Anatolia. The battle demonstrated the superiority of gunpowder weapons against traditional mounted warfare. The victory established Ottoman control over eastern Anatolia and Kurdistan, and set the Ottoman-Safavid border that would largely persist for centuries, defining the Sunni-Shia geopolitical divide.